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This implies also the inability to connect with other memory networks that hold adaptive information. A particularly distressing incident may then become stored in state-specific form. Only if this innate information processing system is impaired, the memory will be stored in a raw, unprocessed, and maladaptive form. Within the AIP model, one assumes that the human brain can usually process stressful information to complete integration. The AIP model focuses on the patient’s resources. Since then, EMDR therapy has been guided by the AIP model ( Shapiro, 2007 Shapiro and Laliotis, 2011). The AIP Model of EMDR Therapyįrom her experiences in EMDR treatment sessions, Shapiro developed a unique theoretical model for the pathogenesis and change relating to EMDR therapy ( Shapiro, 2001a, b). However, the exact nature of memory and its mechanism in detail is far more difficult to determine than the fact that after a certain event, a certain psychopathology appears, which can be effectively addressed by EMDR therapy. One of the key tenets of the AIP model predicts that dysfunctionally stored and not fully processed memories are the cause of a number of mental disorders, including, e.g., PTSD, affective disorders, chronic pain, addiction, and various other disorders. Since then the development and practice of EMDR therapy has been guided by the AIP model. This model is unique to EMDR therapy and is called adaptive information processing (AIP) model, abbreviated AIP model ( Shapiro, 2001a). Shapiro developed a model of pathogenesis and change based on her experiences in EMDR therapy treatment sessions. Functional imaging studies enable us to understand the working mechanisms of EMDR therapy to a great extent ( Pagani et al., 2012 Lee and Cuijpers, 2013).į. EMDR therapy is not only an evidence-based treatment of PTSD ( Bisson and Andrew, 2007 Watts et al., 2013 World Health Organization, 2013 Schulz et al., 2015), but is also a potentially effective treatment for various other mental disorders as affective disorders ( Landin-Romero et al., 2013 Hofmann et al., 2014 Novo et al., 2014 Hase et al., 2015), chronic pain ( Schneider et al., 2005 Wilensky, 2006 de Roos et al., 2010 Gerhardt et al., 2016), addiction ( Hase et al., 2008 Abel and O’Brien, 2010), or obsessive compulsive disorders ( Marsden et al., 2017). In consequence, patients suffering from such memory-based disorders may be earlier diagnosed and treated more effectively.Įye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was introduced in 1987 as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Merging the AIP model with the theory of pathogenic memories may initiate research. The theory of pathogenic memories seems compatible to the AIP model of EMDR therapy, which offers strategies to effectively access and transmute these memories leading to amelioration or resolution of symptoms. Within the theory of pathogenic memories these implicit dysfunctional memories are considered to form basis of a variety of mental disorders. The increasing acceptance of ideas that relate the origin of many mental disorders to the formation and consolidation of implicit dysfunctional memory lead to formation of the theory of pathogenic memories. However, theoretical publications or research on the application of the AIP model are still rare. Shapiro has found support and differentiation in recent studies on the importance of memories in the pathogenesis of a range of mental disorders beside PTSD. The cornerstone of EMDR therapy is its unique model of pathogenesis and change: the adaptive information processing (AIP) model. In the last years more insight has been gained regarding the efficacy of EMDR therapy in a broad field of mental disorders beyond PTSD. 5EMDR-Institute Deutschland, Bergisch Gladbach, GermanyĮye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been widely recognized as an efficacious treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).4Private Practice for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Leverkusen, Germany.3School of Medicine, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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1Lüneburger Zentrum für Stressmedizin, Lüneburg, Germany.Balmaceda 2, Luca Ostacoli 3, Peter Liebermann 4 and Arne Hofmann 5